Mantle plumes are essential components of Earth's convective system, driving intraplate volcanism, large igneous provinces, and mantle heat transport. These upwellings exhibit diverse geometries, ranging from simple cylindrical forms to complex configurations. Recent advancements in seismic imaging and high-resolution geophysical observations have revealed intricate plume structures, such as the tree-like plume system beneath the Africa-Indian Ocean region. Some studies suggest that these structures may consist of multiple low-velocity conduits interconnected by horizontal ponding zones, influenced by factors such as plate motions, subduction dynamics, and mantle flow patterns.

To address these complexities, we propose a global mantle convection modeling approach to investigate the dynamics and evolution of tree-like plume structures. Our simulations integrate key geodynamic processes, including continental drift, slab subduction, and mantle plume upwelling, within a self-consistent numerical framework. By testing various Clapeyron slopes for mantle phase transitions and quantifying parameters such as plume flux, buoyancy, temperature anomalies, and melting behavior, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms shaping tree-like plumes. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide new insights into the interplay between plate tectonics and mantle convection, advancing our understanding of plume morphologies and their role in Earth's dynamic system.

The European Plate Observing System (EPOS) is the sole distributed pan-European Research Infrastructure (RI) for solid Earth Science, enabling open access to high-quality, multidisciplinary data, products, and services. Based on the achievements of the previous EU projects on the design, implementation, and pre-operation of the EPOS RI, the EPOS ON project will support the consolidation of the infrastructure and pave the way for its further evolution. The project will enable the EPOS RI to meet long-term sustainability conditions for operation, relying on its ability to create value for the scientific and IT communities and to produce new insights for contributing to societal challenges related to risk management and environmental impact reduction. 

In particular, EPOS ON aims to enhance the EPOS services portfolio; develop new institutional and scientific collaborations by fulfilling the needs of different communities; increase user engagement; shorten the gap between science and the private sector by enabling knowledge transfer and technological innovation; strengthen EPOS collaboration with non-European research infrastructures.

Project Consortium includes 34 European institutions with Germany represented by GFZ-Potsdam. Section 2.5 leads the Task 2.2 “Integration of new communities and stakeholders to the EPOS RI” by propagating its own experience in the establishment of a new EPOS Thematic Core Services “Tsunami”. Additionally, Section 2.5 will be involved into WP3 “Contribution to tackle Societal Challenges”, Task “Tsunami Early Warning Support services” and several other tasks in almost all the Workpackages.

The MULTI-MAREX joint project – A living lab for improved forecasting and possible actions for multiple extreme geomarine events –  will create a living lab for investigating extreme geological events and associated hazards in order to develop the knowledge required to deal with these hazards at various levels. As part of the research mission 'Marine Extreme Events and Natural Hazards' of the German Marine Research Alliance (DAM), the joint project MULTI-MAREX will establish a living lab for the investigation of marine geological extreme events and associated hazards in Greece. Extreme geomarine events, including earthquakes and volcanogenic or seismogenic tsunamis and their cascading events, have serious short- and long-term consequences for coastal communities. Early warning and disaster prevention pose both societal and political challenges for which the joint project is developing the necessary expertise to deal with these hazards at various levels.

Together with researchers from various disciplines who work closely with the authorities and the local population in the sense of co-design, MULTI-MAREX Consortium will develop protective measures so that not only the coastal communities but also the tourist centres are effectively protected from extreme events.

Project Consortium includes 8 German institutions and 5 associated partners. Section 2.5 leads the Task 4.1 “Underexplored tsunami scenarios for the Central Mediterranean” which foresees production of a database of earthquake- and volcano-triggered tsunamis focusing at the Central Aegean Sea.

The emergence of three continental rift arms at a single point result in the formation of a Rift-Rift-Rift triple junction. Triple junctions are one of the most remarkable features of global plate tectonics but their origins, evolution, and relationship to magmatism and mantle dynamics remain debated. So far, most of our understanding regarding the initiation and stability of triple junctions is derived from plate kinematic studies. However, these kinematic models cannot address the dynamics of cause and effect concerning the joint evolution of fault networks, topography, surface processes, magmatism and plate motions. Joint interpretation of advanced numerical models and observational data have the potential to elucidate the nature of triple junctions in an unprecedented detail.

Here we use a multi-disciplinary approach that combines a state-of-the-art 3D lithospheric scale numerical model with geological and geophysical data from unique field tectonic laboratories such as the currently active Afar in East Africa (A) as well as the Cretaceous Equatorial Atlantic rift triple junction (B). The goal of this project is to characterize the role and interaction of key processes in shaping triple junctions from the mantle to the surface. Our results will provide a framework for understanding the complex spatial and temporal evolution of these unique tectonic features worldwide.

Segmentation of spreading ridges is a common feature in nature. The length of ridge segments varies between a few kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. Previous observational studies have shown that segmentation is controlled by factors such as rate of spreading, tectonic inheritance, mantle flow, and plume impingement. In this project we use 3D numerical modeling software (I3ELVIS) to simulate ridge segmentation under oblique extensional tectonic settings in order to investigate the relative impact of these factors. We expect that our results elucidate observation in oceans worldwide (e.g., North Atlantic, East Pacific, South West Indian Ocean). 

Climate-CO2 emission models point to the urgency for European society to transition from high to low carbon energy sources. This is why we investigate continental rifts, forefront areas for carbon capture, geothermal energy, and new resources such as native hydrogen. The objectives of the EU-funded Marie Skłodowska-Curie Doctoral Network TALENTS are to (1) increase our understanding of rift initiation, continental break-up and how rifts link to societal benefits and geohazards, (2) train 12 Doctoral Researchers in scientific, networking, communication and entrepreneurial skills related to the energy transition, and (3) build a collaborative network ensuring results and knowledge are shared with academia, industry, and society. The TALENTS network comprises 7 Beneficiaries, 10 academic partners, 11 industry partners, 11 media contacts and altogether more than 70 individuals with highly with complementary expertise. For more info see: https://www.talents-dn.eu/

Geological processes have caused large CO₂ fluctuations in the past and influenced the climate. In recent studies, massive CO₂ emissions have been detected at continental rifts. The EMERGE project links three innovative approaches to measure and model such CO₂ outgassing. First, will use innovative techniques to measure CO₂ fluxes at European and East African rifts. In addition, novel modeling techniques are being developed to investigate the controls of geodynamic processes on CO₂ transports in the lithosphere. A third approach is to integrate data from the last 540 million years of all known rifts worldwide. This will allow to understand the role of tectonic degassing at continental rifts in shaping Earth’s climate through time.

Funded since October 2022 by the European Commission, Geo-INQUIRE provides to the scientific community virtual and transnational access (VA and TA) to about 150 installations hosted by 51 consortium partners – major national research institutes, universities, national geological surveys, and European Research Infrastructure Consortia including EPOS, EMSO, and ECCSEL and the ChEESE Centre of Excellence. The 4-year project aims to further enhance and harmonize data and service provision, strengthen the multi-disciplinarity and interoperability to overcome cross-domain barriers, especially in the land-sea-atmosphere environments. Integration of different data, including new observables, products, and services will be optimized and demonstrated through TA activities at 7 multi-disciplinary test beds, besides open training workshops and summer schools. Ultimately, Geo-INQUIRE strives to enable the next generation of geo-scientists to carry out leading-edge research addressing societal challenges from a multi-disciplinary perspective, and making intelligent use of the available geo-research infrastructures.

Section 2.5 is contributing to the coordination of the Geo-INQUIRE Work Package WP5: “Access to the next- generation software and workflow as a service” as well as to the development and provision of the new Virtual Access (VA) to the instant tsunami modelling tool “Gaussian Toolbox”. This service is a joint product with INGV (Italy) colleagues; it implements the concept of surface tsunami Green’s functions to instantly quantify coastal tsunami wave heights for arbitrary seismic sources in the Mediterranean region.

The Eifel hotspot, situated in western Germany, has been volcanically active for several tens of millions of years. Previous studies have indicated that the source of these long-term volcanic activities is a plume visible in the upper mantle and in some models of the lower mantle. However, the deep origin of the plume is still under debate, since the tomography images do not consistently show a continuous plume conduit between the surface and the core-mantle boundary and the Eifel hotspot is not related to any flood basalt province or a clearly age-progressive hotspot track. It has also been proposed that there is a stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone created by the Alpine-Mediterranean subduction zone. This stagnant slab might be interacting with the Eifel plume, but so far this mechanism has not been studied in detail using a geodynamic approach. In addition, the ascent of the Eifel plume and the other sub-lithospheric drivers of vertical motion (such as edge-driven convection or cooling and accretion of sub-lithospheric mantle) as well as lithosphere deformation might cause dynamic topography at the earth surface in central Europe. However, so far the relative contributions of these processes during the Cenozoic are still controversial.

In this project, I intend to employ the geodynamic research software ASPECT to model the lithospheric-scale surface response of Central Europe to plume impingement, small-scale convection and plate tectonic forcing, and try to decompose the present-day topography into individual components. Also, I will conduct 3D models with high resolution and complex rheologies to explain the possible origins of the Eifel hotspot and to address how the plume and the stagnant slab interact with each other

Alexander Sobolev (IsTerre, Grenoble), Stephan Sobolev (GFZ Potsdam, Germany) and John Valley (University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA) have been awarded an ERC (European Research Council) Synergy Grant of 12.8 million euros over six years (2020-2026) to study the evolution of Earth's chemical composition and underlying physical processes from 4.4 billion years ago to the present day in a project called Monitoring Earth Evolution through Time (MEET).

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A Digital Twin for GEOphysical extremes (DT-GEO) is a European project that aims to analyse and forecast the impact of tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, and anthropogenic seismicity. Main objective of DT-GEO is to deploy a pre-operational prototype of Digital Twin, implemented through 12 self-contained Digital Twin Components (DTCs) addressing specific hazardous phenomena, for its future integration into the Destination Earth initiative. DTCs will combine real-time data streams and high-fidelity models to conduct precise data-informed early warning systems, forecasts, and hazard assessments across multiple time scales. Also foreseen is integration of project assets and outcomes into the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) and HPC/virtual cloud computing (EuroHPC) Research Infrastructures.

Section 2.5 is involved into the development of the Digital Twin Component DTC-T1 implementing the workflow of the novel tsunami forecasting methodology coined Probabilistic Tsunami Forecasting (PTF). The workflow is planned for employment in the Tsunami Early Warning Centres. It provides probabilities of exceedance of given tsunami intensities at given coastal locations. PTF performs data assimilation of (near-) real time earthquake and tsunami observations into the tsunami simulation workflow operating ensembles of precomputed or on-the-fly simulated tsunami propagation scenarios.

In the on-going push for developing new, eco-friendly resources and energy production, the potential of naturally occurring hydrogen, generated through the alteration (serpentinization) of tectonically exhumed mantle rocks, remains largely overlooked. The exhumation of mantle rocks can occur during rifting and continental break-up, but as well as during mountain building phases. In order to better assess the opportunities for natural hydrogen extraction from exhumed mantle material, we must improve our understanding of the tectonic processes leading to (and active during) their exhumation.

This project envisions the use of numerical tectonic modelling techniques to unravel these mantle exhumation processes, with a special focus on the influence of structural inheritance, pressure and temperature evolution of exhumed mantle materials over time, and the importance of surface processes and the presence of reservoirs. The subsequent aim is to apply these modelling results to interpret the tectonic history of various natural cases (e.g. Pyrenees, offshore Iberia, European Alps), and to assess the feasibility of natural hydrogen extraction in these areas of interest.

Similar to numerous passive margins worldwide, the development of the rifted continental margins of the South China Sea (SCS) comprises a complicated tectonic past advancing from rift localisation and lithospheric reduction to continental break-up and seafloor extension. The tectonic history of the SCS has been evidently affected by several important regional factors, including Mesozoic inherited structures and the initial thermal regime of a back-arc setting. Furthermore, recent findings from an IODP cruise have provided convincing evidence that the typical end-member models of magma-rich or magma-poor rifted margins do not apply to the South China Sea. With this in mind, the aim of this project is to explore the reasons behind and the mechanisms driving the unique tectonic history and ultimate architecture of the rifted margins in the South China Sea back-arc region. Using advanced numerical modelling tools, this programme will concentrate on the cross-scale geodynamic evolution and thermal development of the South China Sea.

This project aims at constraining the dynamics of large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs), their deformation pattern and composition using the shear wave anisotropy of the lowermost mantle. The lowermost mantle, specifically the D” layer, is very difficult to explore due to the scarcity of seismic observations in that great depth. The two LLSVPs in the D” layer exhibit characteristic physico-chemical properties unlike the surrounding mantle. Although the plumes are being generated from these structures, the composition of plumes and LLSVPs are not the same. Using 3D numerical modelling of mantle convection, I will model the seismic anisotropy generated from different deformation mechanisms in the lower mantle and compare them with the observations. The deformation mechanisms and the flow pattern will tell us about the rheological properties as well as the density structure of the LLSVPs. Adding to that, I will also try to address the geochemical composition of the D” layer with special focus on LLSVPs.

The Ross Sea geoid low (RSGL) is a very prominent feature in the global geoid pattern. Despite some previous studies on the origin of RSGL (Spasojevic et al., Nature Geoscience, 3, 435-438, 2010; Sutherland et al., Geology, 38, 155-158, 2010) and strong indications that there is an upwelling of hot materials in the upper mantle under West Antarctica, it remains unclear what it is caused by.

I will use numerical simulations to model the geoid anomalies induced by mantle convection, with specific focus on the Ross Sea area, directed by Dr. Bernhard Steinberger. Also, we will try to construct a present-day density structure that is suitable to explain geoid and dynamic topography caused by mantle convection in this area, and consistent with both geodynamic forward models and seismic tomography. By comparing modelled geoid anomalies with observations, we will evaluate the reliability of our results ad give an explanation for the origin of RSGL.